Brown+Chapter+and+Class+Notes

__**Chapter 4: Developmental Theories: Donald Super and Linda Gottfredson**__


 * Things to remember:**
 * The stages in development as outlined by Super and Gottfredson
 * The major tenets of Super's theory of vocational choice
 * How circumscription and compromise work together to limit occupational choices
 * Similarities and differences between Gottfredson and Super's theories

__**Super's Lifespan, Life-Space Theory (Developmental Theory)**__

Model emphasizes how personal experience interacts with occupational preferences in creating one's self-concept. Super's theory doesn't just look at an individual's personality traits, but emphasizes the development of a self-concept and provides a model of how it can change over time.

[|National Institute of Health- Review of Super's Theory]

//**Explanation of Diagram:**// Life spaces are areas that make someone who they are. They help to define the individual's role in society. Our identities and by extension our career identities are a product of how we see ourselves (self-concept).
 * Child
 * Student
 * Leisurite
 * Citizen
 * Worker
 * Homemaker/Parent

Super's five life and career development stages:
 * 1) Growth (birth-14 years)- Individuals learn about themselves and start to develop a self-concept.
 * 2) Exploration (ages 15-24 years)- Individuals experiment with classes, work, hobbies and use these to develop skills and abilities.
 * 3) Establishment (ages 25-44 years)- Individuals work in entry-level positions to develop skills and stabilize work experience.
 * 4) Maintenance (ages 45-64 years)- Individuals continue adjustment process and improve position.
 * 5) Decline (ages 65 years and older)- Individuals start to reduce output and prepare for retirement.

//C-DAC (Career Development, Assessment, and Counseling): Super's Career Counseling Model// Super's attempts to elaborate a career counseling model based on his theoretical suppositions. C-DAC is conducted in four stages (preview, depth view, data assessment, and counseling), but is primarily focused on individuals that are in the exploratory phase. Tasks to be accomplished while in the exploratory phase:
 * Enhancing self and occupational awareness (growth)
 * Crystallizing potential choices based on information about self and career
 * In-depth exploration of highly prioritized career options
 * exploration of education and training options
 * choosing and implementing the choice

Various assessment batteries are used to score an individual on career orientation and preferred occupation
 * The Salience Inventory- aims to measure the extent to which clients engage in and are committed to carious life roles
 * The Adults Career Concerns Inventory (ACCI)- yields scores on four scales and twelve sub scales related to stages of career development and mastery of developmental tasks within those stages (crystallization)
 * Career Development Inventory (CDI)- yields scores in two general areas (career orientation and knowledge of preferred occupation) the career counseling process would help to enhance career maturity
 * Career Planning
 * Career Exploration
 * Decision Making
 * World-of-Work Information
 * Knowledge of Preferred Occupations
 * Career Orientation
 * The use of interest inventories- Such as Holland's code, Strong Interest Inventory, or the Values Scale.

Criticism of Super's Theory
 * Over-emphasizes role of individual an under-emphasizes role of environment or culture.
 * Has been called the "white bread" theory due to the fact it uses research done with primarily white subjects.
 * Not as applicable to women due to the fact that women have interruptions in career development (child-baring, harassment, discrimination, ect...) that is not addressed by Super.

__**Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise (Developmental Theory)**__

This theory is a developmental theory that aims at answering the question “Why do we choose the careers that we do and where do our interests and abilities come from?” Basically, it is involved with how career aspirations develop (Brown, p. 80, 2016). It is based on four different assumptions:
 * 1) The career development process begins in childhood.
 * 2) Career aspirations are attempts to implement one’s self-concept
 * 3) Career satisfaction depends on the degree to which the career is congruent with self-perceptions
 * 4) People develop occupational stereotypes that guide them in the selection process.

//__What does Gottfredson's theory have in common with?__//
 * Gottfredson's theory about self-concept has in common with Super.
 * Occupational stereotypes are similar to Holland's theory.

Gottfredson believes in self-concept consists of a social self and psychological self. Social-self is made up of intelligence, social status, and gender while psychological self is made up values and personality variables. Social-self is made up of intelligence, social status, and gender while psychological self is made up values and personality variables.

Gottfredson believes that major of choosing a career is forming a social identity. Gottfredson's believes people developed a cognitive map of occupations in three dimensions:
 * 1) Masculinity/femininity of the occupation
 * 2) Prestige of the occupation
 * 3) Fields of work

//__According to Gottfredson:__// Prestige goes beyond the social status of the occupation and includes an intellectual complexity or ability dimension. An example children grow and develop a perception of themselves and their occupation field. A child would narrow their range of occupations based on sex-type, prestige, interest, and accessibility.

__//Gottfredson's Developmental Stages//__
 * __//Ages 3-5: Orientation to size and power//:__ stereotypes as they observe play activities, learn adult activities, and orient themselves to same-sex adults.
 * __//Ages 6-8: Orientation to sex roles//:__ a child is not aware of social class but begins to develop what is acceptable for men and women.
 * __//Ages 9-13: Orientation to social valuation//:__ Occupations have different social statuses and become aware of lower-status occupation. Recognize the symbols of social status, the child begins to develop ideas about their abilities.
 * __//Ages 14+: Choices explored//:__ Occupational choices are explored but are limited as well.



During these stages, an individual forms a self-concept and a cognitive map of careers. Based on the individual's self-concept and the generalizations that they develop at a young age, they then eliminate career alternatives that conflict with their self-concept (circumscription). Afterwards, the individual looks at the remaining options and compromise on a career based on accessibility. Hence the name, Theory of circumscription and compromise. Gottfredson believes that accessibility is important and “career aspirations are the result of the interaction between accessibility and compatibility” (Brown, p. 81, 2016).

//__Status and use of Gottfredson's theory:__//


 * Suggested her theory has two uses: career development program design and guide to career gender and status on occupational choice.
 * Career development programs should be designed to break down sex-role stereotypes and limitations in occupational choice based on social status.
 * Second Major applocation in her model involves diagnosing developmental problems.
 * Listed five problems:


 * 1) Does the client have occupational alternatives? If not, is the problem a lack of self-knowledge, lack of occupational knowledge, or unwillingness to choose from acceptable alternatives? Is the unwillingness the result of sex-role or racial/ethnic group stereotypes or because persons who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual are likely to be discriminated against?
 * 2) Do the demands of entrants into an occupation match the characteristics of the client? Are the choices being considered appropriate?
 * 3) Is the client satisfied with the alternatives being considered? If not, is the dissatisfaction a result of the necessity of compromising interests or sex-type or racial/ethnic perceptions? Does sexual orientation cause concern about the appropriateness of one or more of the occupations being considered?
 * 4) Has the client unduly restricted his or her occupational choices because of a lack of self-knowledge, knowledge about occupations, or unexamined sex-role or racial/ethnic stereotypes? Has the client's sexual orientation resulted in undue restrictions on occupational choice?
 * 5) Is the client aware of the pathways to the occupations chosen, and is the client confident that she or he can negotiate those pathways? Have occupational alternatives been eliminated because of lack of skill or knowledge about these pathways?

Brown, D. (2016). //Career information, career counseling, and career development//, (11th ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: Pearson.

Career Development Theory Review: Super's Life-Span, Life-Space Theory. (2016). Retrieved October 10, 2016, from https://oitecareersblog.wordpress.com/2016/01/25/career-development-theory-review-supers-life-span-life-space-theory/