Brown+Chapter+7+and+Class+Notes

__**Chapter 7: Gender as an Issue in Career Counseling: Women, Men and Sexual Orientation Minorities**__

__Why this is important__
 * Future counselors will provide services to a multicultural and diverse population
 * It is the counselor's job to provide resources and advocacy
 * 2 Obligations
 * Prepare clients for an unpredictable work environment by helping them cultivate ways of coping
 * Be proactive in advocating for clients facing inequalities


 * Things to remember:**
 * Issues that affect a woman's career development
 * Pregnancies, unplanned or planned
 * Sex-role stereotyping
 * The importance of social support, particularly for sexual orientation minorities, in the career counseling process.
 * The four factors identified by Spokane, Luchetta, and Ricwine (2002) that lead to change in the process of career counseling.
 * The application of theory to the career counseling process for both men and women.

Brown (2016) stated that (as cited in Prince, 2013) "**Sexual orientation** refers to a person's sexual and emotional attraction to (1) members of the opposite sex, (2) members of the same sex, or (3) members of both the same and opposite sex, although not necessarily to the same degree." Brown (2016) also mentions the definition for **sexual identity** (as cited in Prince, 2013) as "one's public presentation of self and gender identity as an individual's internal identification as male or female."

An issue with many theories of career development is that the focus was primarily on the male subject and thus limiting the use of other groups like women.


 * How Women Are Oppressed**
 * Unequal salaries
 * Sexual harassment/assault (especially women in the military)
 * Discrimination
 * Religious beliefs ( women are subservient to men, and unable to fill certain roles in the church)

An interesting point to emphasize is Heppner's (as cited in Brown, 2016) findings that "women generally express higher levels of job satisfaction than men," (p. 127) despite what they encounter in the workplace (Brown, 2016).


 * How Counselors Can Support Women**
 * "Identifying career options that may have been prematurely eliminated" (Brown, 2016, p. 128).
 * Help clients identify roadblocks to their career goals

Another interesting point: "women earn more college degrees than men" (Brown, 2016, p. 129). Consider how this statistic corresponds with the fact women earn less than their male counterparts....

__**Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Individuals**__


 * Issues Faced**
 * Discrimination
 * Rejection
 * Isolation

Triple Whammy: lesbian women of color


 * Counseling Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual,and Transgendered Clients**
 * Little amount of research on this population of clients
 * Counselors must be aware of how identities form and evolve

__**Career Counseling: Models and Methods**__
 * First, does the approach allow for the development of the social support needed to move forward into the future?
 * Especially useful for minority populations
 * Second, does the approach allow individuals to gain information about themselves and their work environment?
 * Does the approach provide a framework for decision making?
 * 5 steps (Peterson and associates) to make a career decision: communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, and execution (Brown, 2016)
 * Super's (1990) C-DAC model (as cited in Brown, 2016)
 * Third, does the approach allow for crystallizing and cognitive rehearsal of vocational aspirations?
 * Crystallization: "result of an exploratory process that looks at personal characteristics, occupational environment, and driving and retarding forces that influence the decision and its implementation. (Brown, 2016, p.134)
 * Does the approach mobilize the individual to move ahead in a constructive manner?

Brown, D. (2016). //Career information, career counseling, and career development// (11th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.