Mnemonic+Devices+for+Remembering+Theories

= = =Below you will find some creative ways to help us remember the theories presented in the class starting with Brown Chapter 2. Mnemonic devices are short phrases, rhymes, or any learning technique that aids memory. Here are some of mine that are helping me to remember the central ideas of each theory...please share yours as well, (more to follow).=

__** Brown Chapter 2 **__
__**Positivist vs. Postmodern/Constructivist Theories**__
 * **O**bjectivity (Impossible in Postmodernism, Recommended in Positivist)
 * **R**esearch Generalization (Can be generalized in positivist, cannot in postmodern)
 * Individuals Studied Outside of **C**ontext (Constructivist- not possible, Positivist- possible)
 * **V**alue Free Research (Constructivist- not possible, Positivist- possible)
 * **C**ause/Effect (Constructivist- Cannot be determined, Positivist- Can be determined)
 * **H**uman Nature (Constructivist-Subjective, Positivist- Objective)
 * Mnemonic: Oliver Values Really Clean Helicopters

__**1. Trait and Factor**__
KEY FIGURES: Holland KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * Personality
 * Interest Inventory
 * Occupational Stereotypes
 * Day dreams
 * Identity
 * Congruence
 * **Mnemonic to remember Holland's Propositions: "Pete Only Day dreams In Intense Color"**
 * **6 PURE TYPES MNEMONIC DEVICE: "If your personality doesn't fit your job you may go __CRASIE__ (crazy)" C: conventional, R: realistic, A: artistic, S: social, I: investigative, & E: enterprising,**
 * **To remember the placement of each personality type on Holland's Hexagon think of it as a clock, and if circling clockwise, the order would be: Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional, Realistic.**

__2. Work Adjustment__
KEY FIGURES: Dawis, Lofquist KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * Biological needs
 * Psychological needs
 * Behavior -> Reinforcement -> Behavior
 * Worker selects environment <--> Environment selects worker
 * **SATISFACTION** Think of song, "__**I**__ CAN'T GET NO __**SATISFACTION**__" - it is personal needs: How the work meets the needs and expectations of the employee (ex. wages, benefits, vacation time, environment, leadership, co-workers)
 * **SATISFACTORINE__SS__** Think of "S" for supevisor and second "S" as the state or quality of being satisfactory. How the employee meets the needs to fulfill job requirements (promptness, professionalism, etc.)
 * Skills
 * Aptitudes
 * Personality = Predictors of Success

__3. Values-Based__
KEY FIGURES: Brown & Super KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: BROWN
 * Holistic
 * Values = Beliefs created by Experience
 * //"Your PAST is valuable like CASH".//
 * //P: person- nature relationship, A: activity, S: social relationships, T: time orientation//
 * //C: collateral, A: allocentrism, S: self- control, H: human- nature//
 * enculturation
 * acculturation
 * Individualism
 * Self-Efficacy
 * Gender
 * Perception
 * Collectivism
 * Culture
 * Estimates
 * Feedback
 * SES
 * Awareness
 * Dynamics of the right match

SUPER
 * Biological
 * Psychological
 * Sociological
 * Cultural = factors that influence career choice
 * R A I N B O W
 * 6 Life Roles: CHILD -> STUDENT -> LEISURITE -> CITIZEN ->WORKER -> SPOUSE -> PARENT-> HOMEMAKER ->ANNUITANT
 * 5 Life Stages: **Growth** (birth- 14/15)→**Exploratory** (15-24)→**Establishment** (25-44) →**Maintenance** (45-65)→**Decline** (65+)
 * **Mnemonic:** GEEMD **G**et **E**very **E**nglish **M**allard **D**own
 * 5 Life Tasks: **Crystallization** (14-18)→ **Specification** (18-21) → **Implementation** (21-24) → **Stabilization** (24-35) → **Consolidation** (35+)
 * **Mnemonic**: CSISI
 * CDI Career Development Inventory
 * CP **Career Planning** The career-mature individual is engaged in the planning process.The career planning scale is an effective tool that reveals how persons perceive themselves in relation to the planning process.
 * CE **Career Exploration** - Clients engage in exploring careers. This scale is combined with the CP scale to produce a career development attitude (CDA) scale.
 * DM **Decision Making** Mature individuals know how to make decisions and have the confidence to do so.
 * WWI **World of Work Information** - The most obvious component of this scale involves having accurate information about work. Super believed that decision makers should have some knowledge of time.
 * PO **Knowledge of preferred occupations** Following the career development inventory (CDI) people choose 20 occupations and answer questions about the jobs and qualifications needed to enter a particular occupation.
 * COT **Career Occupational** with exception of PO, this is global measure of career maturity.

__4. Circumscription & Compromise__
KEY FIGURES: Gottfredson KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * Childhood (beginning)
 * Self-concept
 * Congruence
 * Perception of Self (#1)
 * Gender (#2)
 * Social Standing (#3)
 * Satisfaction
 * Stereotypes
 * Compromise
 * Self-Concept =
 * Social Self
 * **intelligence**
 * **status**
 * **gender**
 * Psychological Self
 * **values**
 * **personality**
 * Cognitive Maps of Occupations (how one thinks about particular jobs) =
 * ** Masculine/ Feminine **
 * ** Status/ Prestige **
 * ** Fields of Work **
 * Goal: ESTABLISH A SOCIAL IDENTITY BASED ON THE CAREER CHOICE. //"Am I a doctor or a ditchdigger?"//
 * //"The 3 'S lead to Exploration"//


 * 1) Size and power (3-5)
 * 2) Sex roles (6-8)
 * 3) Status (9-13)
 * 4) Exploration (14+)

__**1. Social Learning Theory**__
KEY FIGURES: Krumboltz & Bandura KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * Genetics
 * Environment
 * Events
 * Learning Experiences
 * //"Experience can give you a LEG up in your career!" L: learning E: environment/ events, G: genetics.//
 * Learning Experiences
 * Instrumental: Individual-> World
 * Associative: World -> Individual
 * Task Approach Skills
 * Rewards
 * Punishment
 * Self- Observation
 * //"Traditional career counseling is Krumy (Krumboltz), instead, counselors should be facilitators of self-knowledge"//
 * //"Teach a man to fish instead of giving him a fish"//
 * //Empowerment//
 * //Broad focus (changing landscape)//
 * //Values/ Satisfaction//
 * //Master of your own destiny//

__**2. (SCCT) Social Cognitive Career Theory**__
KEY FIGURES: Bandura & (Krumboltz) KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * Environment ---> Individual > Environment (ever-changing)
 * The 4 Aspects of the Person + Goals: Beliefs, Behavior, Self-Efficacy, Expectations
 * //I am picturing in my mind a soccer player who's practiced very hard (Behavior). The game is an away game so there is no home field advantage (Environment impacts Individual). The playing field is not even level because the other team comes from the richest town in the county and all the players grew up going to the best soccer camp (influences she cant control like, gender, race, SES, genetics, etc). She visualizes making the winning goal (Expectations) because she knows she can score if she can get the right opportunity (Self- Efficacy). She's practiced very hard for this moment so she takes her postion down field (Individual impacts Environment). Her teammate passes the her the ball, and now she's at the right place at the right time (Variable/ Opportunity). She shoots (Behavior)! She wins the game (Goal)!//

__**3. Carrer Information Processing Model (CIP)**__
KEY FIGURES: Peterson et al. Based on Bandura and Meichenbaum KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * //Computer-like decision making: Input data (Self Knowledge and Career Knowledge) and computer generates (metacognition) the decision.//
 * //CAVES C: communication A: analysis V: valuing E: execution S: Synthesis (but not in that order)//
 * CTI Career Thoughts Inventory: the goal is to help the client become a good decision-maker
 * //A good decision maker MAWS over his decision: M: motivation, A: awareness, W: willingness to explore, S: self-knowledge.//

__**4. Contextualist**__
KEY FIGURES: Young, Valach, and Collin KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: Constructivist * Life Design KEY FIGURE: Mark Savickas KEY WORDS AND PHRASES "**CDRCA**" Think of a "CD" (compact disc) and "RCA" (record company) __**C**__onstruct -use narratives to get client to give "micro" stories (favorite motto; early recollections, etc.) __**D**__econstruct - counselor points out self-limiting ideas and/or inaccurate self-narratives __**R**__econstruct - counselor weaves "micro" stories into "macro" story or theme __**C**__oconstruct - meaning making between counselor and client to build new narrative or life script __**A**__ction - new behaviors, experiment
 * Goal: To understand the client with in the **context** of their environment
 * Past and Present events are irrelevant
 * Steps: 1. understand event 2. determine perspective 3. proceed from that point of view
 * Goal Orientated behavior/ action:
 * Unobservable behavior
 * Internal Process/ Unobservable
 * Interpretation of actions
 * Joint actions
 * Narratives to describe events and actions with in the social context
 * Develop themes of future narratives

__**5. Chaos**__
KEY FIGURES: Bloch KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * Everything in the world is connected and unpredictable
 * "The Butterfly Effect"
 * A career is an adaptive entity: individuals can maintain themselves through changes
 * 11 Points of Chaos Theory in a few words:
 * 1) Adaptive
 * 2) Open systems (import and export energy from the environment)
 * 3) Networks (linked circles)
 * 4) Fractals (parts of other entities)
 * 5) Dynamic (ever changing)
 * 6) Seek Survival
 * 7) Events
 * 8) Small Reaction ---> Large Change
 * 9) Transition/ Pendulum/ swing (attractors)
 * 10) Create New Fractal
 * 11) Unity in the Universe
 * A person is like a ball of clay. //Clay is made of the Earth and part of the Earth but it is also it's own entity. Someone could come along and add more clay or take some clay away. An unexplained event could tear, smash, or make the clay into another object. C////lay can be; shaped, it can absorb other objects, it can stick to things, it can be stretched, rolled, flattened, made into a vessel, or work of art, and it can be hardened by heat or energy but it still remains clay.//

__**5. Pryor and Bright's take on Chaos Theory**__
KEY FIGURES: Pryor & Bright KEY WORDS AND PHRASES:
 * 5 Recommendation for Applying Chaos Theory
 * 1) Career development is constantly undergoing change
 * 2) Chance events cannot be predicted although one can plan to be prepared
 * 3) Identify patterns and be open to questioning all knowledge
 * 4) Consider the context of the past decisions
 * 5) Identify attractors
 * 6) Point = 1 goal
 * 7) Pendulum = swinging between 2 choices
 * 8) Torus = complex repetitive patterns
 * 9) Strange = counter-intuitive and lack a pattern

__**6. Solution-Focused**__
KEY FIGURES: de Shazer KEY WORDS AND PHRASES: Second- Order Questioning: //IGESSRR + Miracle// MIRACLE QUESTION
 * 1) Client identifies ISSUE
 * 2) Client selects GOALS
 * 3) Client EXCEPTIONS
 * 4) Client STRENGTHS & STRATEGIES
 * 5) Client REVISES goal
 * 6) REPEAT. A 2nd round of questions if the client get's stuck

**__ Is your Theory a good theory or a JUNK(Ref(f)use) THEORY? __**
Mnemonic: //**Certain Elements Form Stories**//
 * 1. R**esearch (Does it stimulate new research?)
 * 2. E**vidence (Is it supported by evidence?)
 * 3. F**ace Validity (Does it seem valid at a glance?)
 * 4. F**lexibility (Is it flexible enough to handle new information?)
 * 5. U**nderstandable (Is it understandable or overly complex?)
 * 6. S**elf-Satisfying (Does the theory have an appeal?)
 * 7. E**xplanation (Does it explain past and future outcomes?)
 * Also:**
 * C**omprehensive, **E**asy to understand (Relationships, Constructs, Terms), **F**ramework for practice, **S**timulates new research

__**Purpose of Theories:**__ Answers question: "**w**hy someone chooses a career"- //**W**// Understand **f**actors that influence career decision - //**F**// Mnemonic: //**Red Works Figure Serious Groups**//
 * R**oad map of career development- //**R**//
 * S**timulate research- //**S**//
 * G**uide counseling in absence of empirical guidelines- //**G**//