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 * Religiousness**: generally refers to a person's relationship with a certain religion, church, or faith community


 * Spirituality**: refers to varying concepts, such as an individual's relationship with a higher power or powers, a type of energy or guiding force, or a belief system in a common good


 * Workplace Spirituality**: involves positively sharing, valuing, caring, respecting, acknowledging, and connecting the talents and energies of people in meaningful goal-directed behavior that enables them to belong, be creative, be personally fulfilled, and take ownership in their combined destiny
 * companies shown to have strong corporate cultures, or spirited workplaces, economically outperformed others in investment return and shareholder values
 * spirituality and religiousness each serve as significant positive predictors of career decision self-efficacy
 * individuals who view their career as a calling, or a career chosen for them by God, are more likely to espouse social justice beliefs and report greater job security and satisfaction than those who do not


 * Benefits**:
 * individuals who are highly spiritual or religious suffer fewer physical health problems, recover from illness more quickly, and experience less stress during serious illness
 * protective resources against contracting disease
 * coping mechanism
 * lower levels of depression
 * higher levels of positive affect
 * less emotional distress
 * greater life satisfaction
 * material and emotional support received from social networks of fellow members and leaders of religious communities


 * Negatives**:
 * feelings of rejection or being ostracized if one's religious community does not tolerate one's lifestyle choice
 * spiritual relationships characterized by guilt and fear


 * Holistic Theoretical Models**:
 * Witmer and Sweeney's Holistic Model of Wellness (1992)
 * Miller-Tiedeman's Lifecareer Model (1994)
 * Brewer's Vocational Souljourn Model (2001)
 * Bloch's Model of Spirituality and Career Counseling (2004, 2005)


 * Future Research / Counseling Implications**:
 * Investigate if and to what extent individuals' spirituality and religiousness shape the types of careers they decide to pursue
 * Investigate how economic status and education level fit into the relationship between spirituality, religiousness, and career development
 * Be open to understanding the relevance that these variables may play in a client's career development
 * Explore where meaning and satisfaction can be found away from work